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Significance and brief description of the problem Most intestinal parasitic infections are discussed under the core module in detail discount levlen 0.15mg on-line birth control pills least side effects. Thus order levlen mastercard birth control loestrin, students are advised to refer to it prior to reading this satellite module and whenever necessary buy 0.15 mg levlen with amex birth control pills efficiency. Gastrointestinal diseases including those caused by intestinal parasites rank first among the prevalent communicable diseases in Ethiopia, as in other developing countries. Thus, the first strategy in fighting against such communicable diseases should be prevention through environmental sanitation interventions. This entails the concerted effort of all categories of health workers, whereas environmental health workers are supposed to play significant roles. These 108 roles of environmental sanitation, especially safe and adequate water supply and proper excreta disposal, have been shown to be effective in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. This in turn necessitates equipping the environmental health students with the required knowledge and skill, for which this satellite module (together with the core module) is designed to achieve this major objective. Which of the following are possible source(s) of fecal contamination of food and water? Which of the following is not true about the prevention of Intestinal protozoan infection? Which of the following is the possible mode of transmission of intestinal nematodes? Which of the following is not true about the prevention and control of intestinal nematode infection? Which of the following preventive measure is most effective in controlling all intestinal cestodes? Which of the following environmental factor is related to the transmission of intestinal trematodes? Which of the following methods of prevention and control of intestinal trematodes is the most effective one? Which of the following category of professionals is necessary for effective prevention and control of intestinal trematode infection? Multi-sectoral approach in the eradication of the intermediate hosts & treatment of patients. Describe the medically important intestinal parasites in terms of reservoir hosts and modes of transmission. Identify those environmental factors that are associated with the transmission of intestinal parasitosis 3. Plan and implement preventive and control measures, more focus being given to environmental sanitation and environmental management. Intestinal protozoa Definition- See core module Etiology - See core module Pathogenesis- See core module Epidemiology - See core module Clinical manifestations - See core module Diagnosis - See core module Treatment - See core module Prevention and Control 1) Primary prevention. I) Environmental sanitation the measures aimed at primary prevention centre around preventing contamination of water, food, vegetables and fruits with human faeces. A) Sanitation: Safe disposal of human excreta coupled with the practice of washing hands after defecation and before eating are crucial factors in the prevention and control of intestinal protozoa.

In another type of down regulation best order for levlen birth control velivet, H-R complex buy levlen 0.15mg on line birth control pills, after reaching nucleus controls the synthesis of receptor molecule cheap levlen 0.15mg birth control pills for men. Some times Covalent modification of receptors by phosphorylation decreases binding to hormone, which diminishes signal transduction. Up regulation: Some hormones like prolactin up regulate,(increase) their own receptors which ultimately increases the biological response and sensitivity in target tissues. Receptors and diseases: Abnormality in the receptors cause the following diseases. This molecule mediates phosphorylation of intracellular proteins, by activating protein kinase A. Protein kinase A is a tetramer having two regulatory units and two catalytic units (R2C2). The inhibitory system consists of different receptors (Ri), and inhibition regulatory complex (Gi). Bacterial Toxins: Vibrio cholerae produce entero toxin which binds to ganglioside (Gm) from the intestinal mucosa. Intracellular Ca is increased by a) Entry of Ca from extra cellular region when stimulated. Maniac depression: Patients who suffer from maniac depression are treated with Lithium. The disease is a result of high levels of hormone/ neurotransmitters, whose actions stimulate phosphatidyl inositol cycle. Chemistry: It is composed of 2 polypeptide chains, A and B, containing total of 51 amino acids. Structure of Insulin C peptide=31-65, A chain=66-86, B chain=1-30 Porcine Insulin is similar to human insulin except Threonine is substituted by Alanine at 30 position of B chain. Biosynthesis of Insulin Pre-pro insulin (109 amino acids) is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of B Cells of islet of Langerhans. Insulinase or Glutathione-insulin trans hydrogenase is located in liver, kidney, muscles and placenta. Mechanism of insulin action When insulin binds to specific receptor, several events take place. One or more signals are generated; however the role of second messenger is uncertain. Regulation of Insulin Receptors High levels of insulin in blood decrease the insulin receptors on the target membrane. Here insulin-receptor complex is internalized, there by causing less sensitivity of target tissue. Regulation of Insulin secretion: Secretion of insulin is closely coordinated with the release by pancreatic cells. Gastrointestinal hormones like secretin and others are released in response to intake of food. They induce anticipatory secretion of insulin, before the rise of glucose in the portal vein.

This can be collected during nutrition interaction programmes or when you visit households (see Figure 13 order levlen toronto birth control 40 over. The accuracy and reliability of all the data that is generated at the health post level is crucial buy cheap levlen 0.15mg line birth control for skipping periods. To provide inputs into management decisions order cheap levlen on-line birth control pills in green case, planning and monitoring of nutrition programmes. Read the questions below and think carefully about your responses before reading the answer that follows. According to the national emergency nutrition intervention guideline, if there is more than 5% of children under five with in a community, there is a need to initiate different interventions to address this problem. To enable you and your manager to make effective decisions, the information you collect needs to be accurate, relevant and communicated in a timely way. Reliable information generated from the routine services can also help you to plan essential interventions at the community level. For example; using information about your community’s needs to access important supplies including vitamin A capsules, de-worming tablets and bed nets. Famines and food shortages brought on by drought have been a major problem through the years, and to a lesser extent there have also been problems triggered by flood, pests and livestock diseases. The recorded history of famine and food shortages in the country goes back hundreds of years, with considerable loss of human life and the destruction of property. In addition to climate, the roots of Ethiopia’s vulnerability to disaster are in its subsistence economy. About 80% of the population remain subsistence farmers, with another 10% being pastoral nomads. However, despite the high prevalence of undernutrition and the history of nutrition crises in Ethiopia, nutrition indicators that can be used for effective decision-making are not routinely reviewed for early warning. To fill this information gap, using selected nutrition indicators from routine health programmes is a practical alternative. Availability of reliable information that can assist in early recognition of the problem for timely intervention is highly important. The following basic information is needed in order to track the nutrition situation in Ethiopia:. Prevalence of acute malnutrition (severe acute malnutrition and moderate acute malnutrition). One of the major disadvantages of an active data generation strategy is that it is very costly.

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